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Bringing up digital twins, she reiterates that it’s only through productisation, not process, that we’ll have the level of certainty needed to be able to do things correctly and to the best effect.

The first factories were simply extensions on houses and the machines and equipment were generally sized to fit into slightly large rooms.Of course, technology has pushed these boundaries to some degree and there are now large process plants like refineries or mega-factories..

The railway system of the world is scaled around the size of a horse and cart as that was the predominant transport technology when they came into existence.. Moving down in scale, we scale craft and industrial laboratory equipment so that humans can interact with it using their hands.. Evolution is an excellent process to improve and adapt size and function to meet the demands of survival.Its downside for humans is that in the context of the human lifespan it is very slow.We do not have the luxury of a million years to size our factories.

However, neither should we now be constrained by the size of a human, a building or by the relatively recent economic dogma..I don’t think we can credibly argue that capitalism has not been a key enabler in the rapid technological advancements of the last two to three hundred years.

And when we talk about capitalism, we cannot ignore the name Adam Smith.

The problem I have with the way we’ve taken Smith’s thoughts and works is that it is piecemeal and skewed – we’ve latched onto some of his insights without exploring them more widely.Reducing the number of radiators from 10 to just one would reduce carbon by 10.7 kgCO2/m2.

Reducing the size of the photovoltaic array from 24 to 12 units would reduce carbon by 12 kgCO2/m2.All the above items added up together would mean just a reduction of around 4.7 kgCO2/m2, mainly due to the simplification of the heating and photovoltaic systems.

Compared to a residential LETI 2020 (Band C) target building (A-C) with a total embodied carbon of 675 kgCO2/m2, that is equivalent to just 0.7% reduction in carbon..Comparison of embodied carbon (A-C) between a baseline residential building based on LETI Band C and same building with Passivhaus characteristics.